TAG 178 – wieder eine Märchenstadt
7 Sep 2015
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TAG 178 – wieder eine Märchenstadt

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The stuntman in Khiva
The stuntman in Khiva
Xiva (auch Chiwa oder Khiva; kyrillisch Хива) ist eine Oasenstadt im Nordwesten Usbekistans in der Provinz Xorazm mit 55.568 Einwohnern (Stand 1. Januar 2005). Die Stadt liegt westlich des Amudarja an der alten Seidenstraße. Sie besitzt Textilindustrie (unter anderem Teppiche) und historische Bauten. Xiva war ehemals Hauptstadt des Khanats Chiwa in Choresmien. Xiva ist eine kreisfreie Stadt und zudem Hauptstadt eines gleichnamigen Bezirkes.

Geschichte

Geschichtlich kam der Stadt durch ihre Lage am Verbindungsweg zwischen Indien und Europa stets eine strategische Bedeutung zu. Im 6. Jahrhundert n. Chr. gegründet, wurde Xiva 712 im Laufe der islamischen Expansion von arabischen Streitkräften erobert, was zur Verbreitung des Islam führte.

Im 10. Jahrhundert war Xiva bereits eine bedeutende Handelsstadt in Choresm. Der arabische Reisende und Geograph al-Maqdisī, der das Land im gleichen Jahrhundert bereiste, schrieb: „Xiva liegt am Rande der Wüste. Es ist eine große Stadt mit einer bedeutenden Freitagsmoschee“.

1220 eroberten die Heerscharen Dschingis Khans und 1388 diejenigen Timur Lenks die Stadt. Erst Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts wurde die Stadt Chiwa Hauptstadt des 1511 in Choresmien gegründeten Khanat Xiva, dem Nachfolgestaat des alten historischen Reiches Choresm.

Bei den häufigen Belagerungen wurden die Befestigungsanlagen der Stadt häufig zerstört. Letztmals geschah dies im Jahre 1740, als Chiwa vom persischen Schah Nadir erobert und das Khanat für kurze Zeit Bestandteil des Perserreiches war.

City walls. The surrounding walls are 6 to 8 m high and 6 m thick at their base. A great part of the city walls has been destroyed, but a part 2,2 km long has been preserved. As in other cities in Central Asia the city walls were built of sun-dried bricks. The city walls were destroyed several times, but they were always rebuilt. According to the archaeologists the oldest parts of the city wall date from the 5th to 6th cent.AD
City walls. The surrounding walls are 6 to 8 m high and 6 m thick at their base. A great part of the city walls has been destroyed, but a part 2,2 km long has been preserved. As in other cities in Central Asia the city walls were built of sun-dried bricks. The city walls were destroyed several times, but they were always rebuilt. According to the archaeologists the oldest parts of the city wall date from the 5th to 6th cent.AD
Aufgrund der Entdeckung von Gold am Oxusufer in der Regierungszeit Peter I. von Russland (1682–1725) startete eine bewaffnete 4000 Mann starke Handelsexpedition in das Gebiet unter Führung von Prinz Alexander Bekowitsch-Tscherkasski. Als sie Xiva erreicht hatten, gewährte der Chan ihnen in angeblich friedfertiger Absicht Einlass in die Stadt, lockte sie aber damit in einen Hinterhalt. Bis auf wenige Überlebende wurde die gesamte Expedition inklusive Prinz Bekowitsch-Tscherkasski vernichtet. Peter der Große, der in Kriege mit dem Osmanischen Reich und Schweden verwickelt war, unternahm nichts.

Zar Paul I. von Russland unternahm ebenfalls einen Versuch, die Stadt zu erobern, scheiterte aber und musste sich zurückziehen. Zar Alexander I. ließ der Stadt Ruhe, die Zaren Alexander II. und Alexander III. unternahmen erneut verschiedene Eroberungsversuche.

Im Jahre 1873 schließlich wurde Chiwa von russischen Truppen eingenommen. Von 1920 bis 1925 war Xiva Hauptstadt der Volksrepublik Choresmien. Anschließend war die Stadt Teil der Usbekischen Sozialistischen Sowjetrepublik innerhalb der Sowjetunion, seit 1991 gehört sie zum souveränen Staat Usbekistan. 1997 feierte Usbekistan das 2500-jährige Bestehen der Stadt Xiva.

Islam Khoja Minaret. The minaret is 45 m high and 10 m wide atb its base. It was built in 1908, however using the same methods as the much older minarets at Bukhara, Wabkent and Konye Urgench. You can see the minaret from every place in Khiva and even from far away in the desert. It is probable that the minaret served military purposes as well.
Islam Khoja Minaret. The minaret is 45 m high and 10 m wide atb its base. It was built in 1908, however using the same methods as the much older minarets at Bukhara, Wabkent and Konye Urgench. You can see the minaret from every place in Khiva and even from far away in the desert. It is probable that the minaret served military purposes as well.
Sehenswürdigkeiten

Sehenswert sind die zahlreichen Baudenkmäler aus der glanzvollen Vergangenheit der Stadt, besonders der Palast Tasch-Hauli, ein Meisterwerk der orientalischen Architektur. Das Minarett Kalta Minor wurde 1852 errichtet und sollte einmal mit über 70 m das höchste der islamischen Welt werden, kam aber über die Höhe von 26 m nicht hinaus.

Seit 1967 ist Xiva Museumsstadt, seit 1990 steht die Altstadt Itchan-Kala unter Schutz der UNESCO und gehört damit zum Weltkulturerbe der Menschheit.

Quelle: Wikipedia

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Sayid Abdullahkhan - The Khan of Khiva 1915 - 1920
Sayid Abdullahkhan – The Khan of Khiva 1915 – 1920

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craftsmen in Khiva
craftsmen in Khiva
The musicians.
The musicians.
Movie Makers in Khiva.
Movie Makers in Khiva.
Handicrafts. The wood carvers of Khiva
Handicrafts. The wood carvers of Khiva
Handicrafts. The wood carvers of Khiva
Handicrafts. The wood carvers of Khiva
Uzbek Youth in Khiva
Uzbek Youth in Khiva
Islam Khoja Minaret. The minaret is 45 m high and 10 m wide atb its base. It was built in 1908, however using the same methods as the much older minarets at Bukhara, Wabkent and Konye Urgench. You can see the minaret from every place in Khiva and even from far away in the desert. It is probable that the minaret served military purposes as well.
Islam Khoja Minaret. The minaret is 45 m high and 10 m wide atb its base. It was built in 1908, however using the same methods as the much older minarets at Bukhara, Wabkent and Konye Urgench. You can see the minaret from every place in Khiva and even from far away in the desert. It is probable that the minaret served military purposes as well.
Necropolis in Khiva
Necropolis in Khiva
The columns are masterpieces of wood carving.
The columns are masterpieces of wood carving.

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the woman at Itchan Kala.
the woman at Itchan Kala.
having dinner!
having dinner!

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Itchan Kala was the site of the khan's palace. High officials and clergy and rich merchants used to live here. This is why we find the most important buildings in the Itchan Kala.
Itchan Kala was the site of the khan’s palace. High officials and clergy and rich merchants used to live here. This is why we find the most important buildings in the Itchan Kala.
the bicycle
the bicycle
Kalta Minor. This squat minaret is an iconic symbol of Khiva, mainly because of it's exquisite blue and green tile work and the fact that it remains unfinished. It was originally supposed to rival the Kalon Minaret in Bukhara, however the architect fled before seeing it finished, fearing he would be put to death by the khan.
Kalta Minor. This squat minaret is an iconic symbol of Khiva, mainly because of it’s exquisite blue and green tile work and the fact that it remains unfinished. It was originally supposed to rival the Kalon Minaret in Bukhara, however the architect fled before seeing it finished, fearing he would be put to death by the khan.

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According to legend, Khiva was founded about 2 500 years ago when a son of Noah, Shem, discovered a well in the middle of the desert exclaimed "Khi-wa!" (which locals will take delight in roughly translating as "sweet water"). For the next 1 000 years or so, the area was inhabited by settlements that used the nearby Amu-Darya river to irrigate agriculture. According to the archaeologists Khiva was founded in the 5th or 6th century.
According to legend, Khiva was founded about 2 500 years ago when a son of Noah, Shem, discovered a well in the middle of the desert exclaimed „Khi-wa!“ (which locals will take delight in roughly translating as „sweet water“). For the next 1 000 years or so, the area was inhabited by settlements that used the nearby Amu-Darya river to irrigate agriculture. According to the archaeologists Khiva was founded in the 5th or 6th century.
As Islam spread to the area, the first major structures were built near Shem's well, and it became known as a small trading post on the Silk Road. First written sources date from the 10th century. The Arab traveller Al Istachri mentions Khiva in his enumeration of the most important settlements in Chorezm. The Arab geographer Ibn Battuta visited Khiva in the 14th century.
As Islam spread to the area, the first major structures were built near Shem’s well, and it became known as a small trading post on the Silk Road. First written sources date from the 10th century. The Arab traveller Al Istachri mentions Khiva in his enumeration of the most important settlements in Chorezm. The Arab geographer Ibn Battuta visited Khiva in the 14th century.
Khiva - The old town Ichon-Qala (Itchan Kala)
Khiva – The old town Ichon-Qala (Itchan Kala)
a bedroom of that times.
a bedroom of that times.
wooden roofs at Ichon-Qala (Itchan Kala) Khiva.
wooden roofs at Ichon-Qala (Itchan Kala) Khiva.

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Juma Mosque. The old mosque was already mentioned by the Arab traveller Mohammed al-Magisi in the 10th cent. According to the inscriptions above the entrance the actual mosque was built in the 18th cent. It covers an area of 55 x 46 m. The interior is square in plan. It has two octogonal openings in the ceiling. Apart from wooden beams and columns it has no decoration. It contains 212 ornately carved columns that support the roof, dating back to the 12th to 15th century.
Juma Mosque. The old mosque was already mentioned by the Arab traveller Mohammed al-Magisi in the 10th cent. According to the inscriptions above the entrance the actual mosque was built in the 18th cent. It covers an area of 55 x 46 m. The interior is square in plan. It has two octogonal openings in the ceiling. Apart from wooden beams and columns it has no decoration. It contains 212 ornately carved columns that support the roof, dating back to the 12th to 15th century.
passersby
passersby
The columns are masterpieces of wood carving. The whole surface is covered by leaves, flowers and tendrils. If you watch cloisels you can see pomegrenates blossoms and acanthus leaves. The columns are peculiar in form: they are spherical at their base, get a little bit narrower and end with a part similar to an oblong drinking glass. In some columns the base is a square marble or a round piece of wood only.
The columns are masterpieces of wood carving. The whole surface is covered by leaves, flowers and tendrils. If you watch cloisels you can see pomegrenates blossoms and acanthus leaves. The columns are peculiar in form: they are spherical at their base, get a little bit narrower and end with a part similar to an oblong drinking glass. In some columns the base is a square marble or a round piece of wood only.
the well at Ichon-Qala (Itchan Kala) Khiva.
the well at Ichon-Qala (Itchan Kala) Khiva.
Khivan rulers commanded from this fortress-residence from as early as the 12th century up to the 17th century when the khans expanded the structure to include a mosque, a harem, and a jail.
Khivan rulers commanded from this fortress-residence from as early as the 12th century up to the 17th century when the khans expanded the structure to include a mosque, a harem, and a jail.
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